苦: Duhka, bittcrncss 豆佉 ; unhappiness. suffering, pain, distrcss, miscry; diffcidulty. Thcre are lists of three four, five eight, and tcn catcgorics; the two are intcrnal, i.e. physical and mcntal and external, i.c. attacks from without. The four are birth, growing old illness and death, The eight are these four along with the pain of parting from the loved of meeting with the hated, of failure ..